Knob and Tube Wiring Replacement Cost 2026: Price by House Size, What Drives It, and the Insurance Problem
What a rewire really costs per square foot, how to sanity check a quote against actual labor rates, and why the code does not force the work but your insurer might
By Munir Afridi · Updated October 2026 · 14 min read
Quick answer
Replacing knob and tube wiring costs $10 to $20 per square foot of finished floor area in 2026. At a working midpoint of $13 per square foot that is about $13,000 for a 1,000 sq ft house, $19,500 for 1,500 sq ft, $26,000 for 2,000 sq ft and $32,500 for 2,500 sq ft. HomeGuide put the national span at $12,000 to $35,000 in February 2026 and Angi at $12,000 to $36,600 in August 2026. Where you land inside that range is decided almost entirely by two things: whether your walls are plaster and lath or drywall, and whether the attic and basement give an electrician a route to fish cable.
Price the panel part of the job →
A rewire quote is three numbers stacked together. Use the panel upgrade cost calculator for the service equipment, the electrician rate calculator for the labor block, and the table below for the per square foot electrical scope.
How much does it cost to replace knob and tube wiring, by house size?
This is the table to bookmark, and it is deliberately built from two independent cost surveys rather than one, because the published ranges do not agree as closely as most articles imply. The HomeGuide and Angi columns are their own figures. The last column is the working midpoint I would use for a first conversation with a contractor: $13 per square foot, which sits in the overlap of both surveys.
| Finished floor area | HomeGuide, Feb 2026 | Angi, Aug 2026 | Working midpoint ($13/sq ft) | Rough labor hours |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,000 sq ft | $8,000 to $17,000 | $10,000 to $20,000 | $13,000 | 80 to 130 |
| 1,500 sq ft | $12,000 to $25,500 | $15,000 to $30,000 | $19,500 | 120 to 200 |
| 2,000 sq ft | $16,000 to $34,000 | $20,000 to $40,000 | $26,000 | 160 to 260 |
| 2,500 sq ft | $20,000 to $42,500 | $25,000 to $50,000 | $32,500 | 200 to 330 |
| 3,000 sq ft | $24,000 to $51,000 | $30,000 to $60,000 | $39,000 | 240 to 400 |
Sources: HomeGuide cost to replace knob and tube wiring, byline dated February 12 2026, giving $8 to $17 per sq ft and $12,000 to $35,000 overall. Angi knob and tube wiring replacement cost, updated August 3 2026, giving $10 to $20 per sq ft and $12,000 to $36,600 overall; its published table lists 1,300 and 1,600 sq ft rather than 1,500, so the 1,500 row above is interpolated between them. Angi 1,000 and 3,000 sq ft rows are as published. Labor hours are derived, not surveyed: the midpoint cost less roughly 25 percent for materials and repair, divided by a $50 to $130 per hour billed rate. These are typical installer ranges, not quotes.
Knob and tube wiring replacement cost calculator: how to work out your own number
People search for a knob and tube wiring replacement cost calculator expecting one box and one answer. The reason no honest tool gives you that is that a rewire quote is three separate jobs priced together, and they scale differently. Do it in three passes and you will get within about 20 percent of a real bid, which is enough to tell a fair quote from a fishing expedition.
Knob and tube replacement cost by house size. The gold bar is the $13 per sq ft working midpoint, the blue band behind it is the full range across the HomeGuide (Feb 2026) and Angi (Aug 2026) surveys. The band is wide because wall construction and access, not house size, decide where a given house lands.
Pass one, the electrical scope. Finished floor area times $10 to $20 per square foot. Use the low end only if your house has drywall, an open unfinished basement below and a walkable attic above. Use the high end for two stories of plaster over lath with a finished attic. For the 1,500 sq ft example that is $15,000 to $30,000, midpoint $19,500.
Pass two, the panel. If the knob and tube is original then the service equipment usually is too, and a fuse box or a 60 amp service cannot carry a modern load calculation. Published replacement ranges for 2026 disagree more than you would like: HomeGuide says $800 to $2,500, Angi says $600 to $4,000, and Inch Calculator says $500 to $2,000 for a 100 amp panel. Budget $1,500 to $3,000 for a straightforward 200 amp swap and more if the utility has to move or upgrade the service drop. Run your own numbers in the panel upgrade cost calculator, and size the service properly with the electrical load calculator before anyone orders equipment.
Pass three, making good. This is the line most homeowners forget and most quotes exclude. Plaster walls run $2 to $10 per square foot to repair and plaster ceilings $2.50 to $12 per square foot, per HomeGuide. Angi prices lath and plaster patching far higher, at $80 to $200 per square foot of patch, which tells you these two sources are measuring different things: a surface refinish versus a cut-out-and-rebuild patch. Ask your contractor which one is in the bid. Then add painting, which Angi puts at about $1,960 for a whole interior, and debris removal at $300 to $500, or $220 to $780 a week for a dumpster.
Add the three passes and the 1,500 sq ft house lands at roughly $19,500 plus $2,200 plus $4,000, call it $25,700 all in, against a bare electrical quote of $19,500. That gap is why rewires feel like they run over budget when they have not.
What actually drives the price up or down?
Square footage sets the ballpark. These five things decide where in the ballpark you sit, and they can easily double a quote between two houses of identical size on the same street.
| Cost driver | Effect on the bid | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Plaster and lath walls | +30 to 60% | Plaster cracks well beyond the cut, resists fishing, and repair runs $2 to $10 per sq ft on walls and up to $12 on ceilings |
| No attic or basement access | +20 to 40% | Every circuit has to be fished through finished space instead of dropped from above or pushed from below, so openings multiply |
| Panel or service also original | +$600 to $4,000 | A fuse box or 60 amp service cannot carry the circuit count a rewire creates, and the utility may need to change the drop and meter |
| Opening count, not room count | $100 to $350 each | Pricing is per device, so NEC 210.52 spacing on a room that had two outlets and now needs six triples that room's share |
| Occupied versus empty house | +10 to 25% | Masking, moving furniture, daily cleanup and working one room at a time all cost hours that an empty house does not |
The plaster line is the one worth dwelling on, because it is close to universal in knob and tube houses. Knob and tube was the standard residential wiring method from the 1880s into the 1940s, and those houses were almost all finished in plaster over wood lath. So the thing that makes the wiring old is the same thing that makes the walls expensive to open. If a contractor quotes you a drywall-house price on a plaster house, the money comes back later as a change order.
How do I know if a rewire quote is fair?
Convert the quote into hours. It is the fastest lie detector in home improvement, and it only takes one piece of arithmetic.
Worked example. A contractor quotes $24,000 to rewire a 1,500 sq ft two story house, including a 200 amp panel but excluding plaster repair. Take out $2,500 for the panel, leaving $21,500 of electrical work. Materials and markup are roughly 25 percent of that, so labor is about $16,100. At a $90 per hour billed rate that is 179 hours, or four and a half weeks for one electrician, about two and a quarter weeks for a two person crew. For a plaster house with roughly 70 openings that is believable. If the same quote came back at $9,000 it would imply 67 hours, under two weeks for one person, which is not enough time to do the job properly and usually means the bid covers accessible circuits only.
The hourly rate in that formula is worth understanding rather than guessing. Billed residential rates run $50 to $130 an hour across the three cost surveys, with some markets quoting up to $200. That is the shop rate. The wage behind it is much lower: the Bureau of Labor Statistics put the median electrician wage at $30.38 an hour, or $63,190 a year, in its May 2025 OEWS data, on the Occupational Outlook Handbook page last modified August 27 2026. The difference is liability insurance, vehicles, permits, apprentice time, warranty callbacks and the half of the week nobody is on a billable job. A bid priced near the wage is a bid with something missing from it. Compare local rates in the electrician rate calculator.
Three more things to insist on in writing: the number of openings included and what happens if the count rises, whether plaster repair is in scope or excluded, and whether the permit and the inspection are the contractor's responsibility. Permits run $200 to $900 per HomeGuide, or an average of $100 to $125 per permit per Angi, with inspections at $100 to $200.
Does knob and tube wiring have to be removed by law?
No, and this is the single most common misunderstanding about the topic. The National Electrical Code does not order existing concealed knob and tube out of your walls. NEC Article 394.10 permits concealed knob and tube wiring only as an extension of an existing installation, which is a ban on installing new knob and tube, not a demolition order for what is already there. Article 394.12 lists where it may not be used at all, including commercial garages, theaters, motion picture studios and hazardous locations. Article 394.19(A) sets the clearance that defines the method: not less than 3 inches between conductors, and 394.17 requires conductors passing through framing to be protected by noncombustible, nonabsorbent insulating tubes, the porcelain tubes the method is named after.
What actually forces a rewire is one of four things, and none of them is the NEC:
- An insurer declining or cancelling a policy, which is now the most common trigger.
- A mortgage lender refusing to fund without a standard policy in place.
- A local ordinance requiring removal at point of sale or at a certain level of remodel. These are municipal, not federal, so check your city rather than a national article.
- Damage found on inspection: brittle or cracked rubber insulation, splices with no box, previous owner extensions in modern cable spliced to the old conductors, or anything buried under blown insulation that was never evaluated.
One more code detail that matters for anyone keeping knob and tube in service: the original conductors are rated at 60 degrees C, so overcurrent protection has to be sized from the 60 degree C column of NEC Table 310.16, which puts most of those 14 AWG circuits at 15 amps. A 20 amp breaker on an old 14 AWG knob and tube circuit is a real and common hazard in houses where a panel was swapped without anyone checking what it fed. Check what size device belongs on a given conductor in the breaker size calculator and the wire size calculator.
Will home insurance cover a house with knob and tube wiring?
This is the reason most rewires actually happen, and the mechanism is worth understanding because it changes the timing of the decision more than the cost of it.
Insurers increasingly decline new policies and non-renew existing ones on houses with knob and tube. ABC7 San Francisco reported in March 2025 that Bay Area homeowners were seeing coverage denied or cancelled over it, and that the knock-on effect is the expensive one: without a standard policy, a lender will not approve a mortgage, which pushes a buyer onto the California FAIR Plan at a much higher premium. A real estate agent quoted in that reporting described it as a barrier to buying older homes outright. An insurance broker in the same piece gave the advice that matters: if you have knob and tube, deal with it before you get cancelled, not after.
The timing point is the practical one. A planned rewire is a scheduled job you can get three bids on, do in an empty house if you are buying, and spread across a renovation. A rewire triggered by a cancellation notice is a 30 day scramble with whoever can start on Monday, and it costs more for that reason alone.
In fairness, the fire-risk case is not as settled as the insurance market implies. The same ABC7 report quoted the San Francisco Fire Department saying it had not seen trends in knob and tube fires. NFPA data attributes about 31,960 home structure fires a year to electrical distribution and lighting equipment, with 400 deaths, 1,180 injuries and $1.2 billion in direct property damage in its 2010 to 2014 study period, but that figure covers all home electrical systems, not knob and tube specifically. The honest summary is that knob and tube itself, undisturbed and correctly fused, is not the hazard. What is hazardous is a hundred years of modifications to it: ungrounded three-prong receptacles added to two-wire circuits, splices made outside boxes, old rubber insulation gone brittle at the terminations, and modern loads on 15 amp circuits that were designed for a radio and three light bulbs.
Can you put insulation over knob and tube wiring?
Almost every article on this answers with a flat never. That is a reasonable default and it is wrong as a statement of law in at least one state, which is worth knowing before you pay to have attic insulation removed.
Washington regulates this explicitly. WAC 296-46B-394, last amended effective April 1 2024, states that Article 394 of the NEC does not prohibit installing loose or rolled thermal insulating material in spaces with existing knob and tube wiring, provided every one of these conditions is met:
- A licensed electrical contractor surveys the wiring and certifies in writing to the department that it is in good condition.
- The electrical inspector inspects all repairs, alterations or extensions.
- The insulation meets Class I specifications with a flame spread factor of 25 or less, tested to ASTM E84-81a.
- Every knob and tube circuit has overcurrent protection sized per NEC Table 310.16, 60 degree C column, using circuit breakers or Type S fuses.
And one outright prohibition: foam insulation may not be used with knob and tube wiring. Foam encapsulates the conductor completely and cannot be removed for inspection, which is a different problem from loose fill sitting on top of it.
The reason the blanket never exists is that the method relies on air circulating around conductors that are allowed to run warm, and burying them in insulation removes that. Washington's answer is to require the wiring be certified sound and fused at the conservative 60 degree C ampacity first. Other jurisdictions take the harder line, and some insulation contractors will refuse the work regardless of what the rule says, because they do not want the liability. Ask your AHJ what applies where you live rather than trusting either blanket answer, and get it in writing before an insulation crew books in.
If you are weighing insulation against a rewire for energy reasons, the running cost side is worth a look too: our guide to why your electric bill is so high goes through the loads that actually move a bill, and the electricity cost calculator prices any of them against your own rate.
Can I replace just part of the knob and tube wiring?
Yes, and for a lot of houses it is the better value. A partial rewire removes most of the real risk for roughly 40 to 60 percent of a whole house price, because risk is not spread evenly across the circuits. The circuits that matter are the ones carrying modern loads and the ones in wet locations.
| Scope | What it covers | Share of a full rewire | 1,500 sq ft example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Panel only | Service equipment replaced, existing circuits re-fused correctly at the 60 degree C ampacity | 10 to 15% | $1,500 to $3,000 |
| Wet and heavy loads | Kitchen, bathrooms, laundry, exterior, plus panel | 30 to 40% | $6,000 to $8,000 |
| Typical insurer-accepted partial | Above, plus all bedroom and living area receptacles | 40 to 60% | $8,000 to $12,000 |
| Full rewire | Every circuit including attic and basement lighting | 100% | $15,000 to $30,000 |
Shares are typical contractor scoping proportions applied to the published 1,500 sq ft range, not survey figures. Get your own carrier's requirement in writing before setting a partial scope, because insurers differ on whether they accept one.
The circuits usually left in place are attic and closet lighting in dry spaces with no splices and no insulation contact. The circuits never left in place are anything in a kitchen or bathroom, anything feeding a receptacle someone has converted to three-prong, and anything with a splice that is not in a box.
That three-prong conversion deserves its own warning, because it is the cheap fix people reach for and it is the dangerous one. A knob and tube circuit has no equipment grounding conductor. Screwing a grounding-type receptacle onto it gives every appliance plugged in a ground pin that goes nowhere, which defeats surge protectors and leaves a fault current with no path home. NEC 406.4(D)(2) gives three legal ways to replace a non-grounding receptacle: with another non-grounding type, with a GFCI receptacle marked "No Equipment Ground", or with a grounding type fed downstream of a GFCI and likewise marked. If you want a real ground instead, NEC 250.130(C) lists where a retrofit equipment grounding conductor may land, including any accessible point on the grounding electrode system or conductor, the equipment grounding terminal bar in the enclosure where the branch circuit originates, or an equipment grounding conductor from another branch circuit originating in that same enclosure. The 2023 edition extended that same allowance to snap switches.
Which NEC edition applies to my rewire?
Whichever one your jurisdiction has adopted, and that is less obvious in late 2026 than usual. The 2026 edition of NFPA 70 is published and listed as the current edition, but adoption is state by state and the published trackers disagree with each other about who is on it. One tracker reviewed in July 2026 lists Colorado, Idaho, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Utah, Vermont and Washington on the 2026 code; another updated in late September 2026 lists Arkansas, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Dakota, Texas and Wyoming. They agree on Colorado and Massachusetts and little else. Both show the large majority of states still on the 2023 edition, a block of around six to eleven on 2020, and a handful on older editions.
The practical takeaway: do not let an article, this one included, tell you which code governs your permit. Call the building department, ask which NEC edition is adopted and what local amendments apply, and make the contractor pull the permit under it. For a rewire the differences that bite are AFCI coverage under NEC 210.12, GFCI coverage under 210.8(A), and receptacle spacing under 210.52, all of which have expanded in recent cycles and all of which drive the opening count that drives your price.
How to cut the cost of a knob and tube rewire
None of these are tricks. They are the levers that actually move a bid, in rough order of how much they save.
| Move | Typical saving | Catch |
|---|---|---|
| Do it while the house is empty, between owners or tenants | 10 to 25% | Needs the timing to line up with a purchase or a vacancy |
| Bundle with a planned renovation that already opens walls | 15 to 30% | Only helps for the rooms being opened anyway |
| Scope a partial rewire your insurer will accept | 40 to 60% | Get the carrier's requirement in writing first, and expect the rest later |
| Handle your own plaster repair and painting | $2,000 to $6,000 | Plaster patching is a real skill; a bad patch shows forever |
| Take three bids with an identical written scope | 10 to 20% | Bids on different scopes are not comparable, which is the whole point |
| Schedule in the slow season, usually late winter | 5 to 10% | Not every market has one, and some shops do not discount at all |
What does not save money: hiring an unlicensed handyman, skipping the permit, or accepting a quote that excludes repair without saying so. The permit at $200 to $900 is the cheapest part of the job and the only thing that gets an inspector to look at the work before it is buried. If you are selling, unpermitted electrical work is a disclosure problem that costs more at closing than the permit ever would.
Worth doing while the walls are open, since the labor is already paid for: run a dedicated circuit for anything you plan to add later. A dryer circuit, a future EV charger run to the garage, or a heat pump feed cost very little extra now and a fortune as a separate job later. Size them properly with the wire size calculator and check the run length with the voltage drop calculator.
Safety and code notes
Never assume a dead circuit is dead. Knob and tube houses frequently have circuits fed from more than one point after a century of additions, including feeds from a long-removed panel. Test every conductor at every opening, not just the one you switched off.
Brittle insulation is the failure mode. The original rubber and cloth insulation goes hard and cracks, and it does so worst where the conductor runs warm: at terminations, inside light fixture canopies, and anywhere it has been buried in insulation. A visual check at the panel tells you nothing about the condition of the run.
No splice outside a box. Original knob and tube splices were soldered and taped in open air, which was legal when installed. Any splice made since, especially a wire nut joining old conductor to modern NM cable in a wall cavity, is a defect and is the thing an inspector will fail first.
Do not add a grounding-type receptacle to an ungrounded circuit without following NEC 406.4(D)(2) and marking it "No Equipment Ground". An unmarked three-prong outlet with no ground behind it is a trap for the next owner.
Electrical work carries safety and legal risk. Verify any calculations here with a licensed electrician familiar with your local code before performing work. This article references NEC 2023 article numbering. Many jurisdictions operate under earlier editions, some have adopted the 2026 edition, and local amendments are common, so verify with your local AHJ. All cost figures are typical published installer ranges for the dates shown, not quotes, and your market will differ.
Related calculators
Panel Upgrade Cost Calculator
Electrician Rate Calculator
Electrical Load Calculator
Wire Size Calculator
Breaker Size Calculator
Voltage Drop Calculator
Cable Ampacity Calculator
Conduit Fill Calculator
Electricity Cost Calculator
Related reading: electrical panel upgrade cost, wire size for a 100 amp service, wire size for a 200 amp service, and whole house surge protector cost.
FAQ
How much does it cost to replace knob and tube wiring?
$10 to $20 per square foot of finished floor area in 2026, so roughly $13,000 for a 1,000 sq ft house, $19,500 for 1,500 sq ft, $26,000 for 2,000 sq ft and $32,500 for 2,500 sq ft at a $13 per sq ft working midpoint. HomeGuide put the national span at $12,000 to $35,000 in February 2026 and Angi at $12,000 to $36,600 in August 2026. These are typical installer ranges, not quotes, and wall construction and attic access decide where you land inside them.
Is there a knob and tube wiring replacement cost calculator?
Not a single one, because a rewire price is three jobs added together. Multiply floor area by $10 to $20 per sq ft for the electrical scope, add $600 to $4,000 for a panel replacement if the service is also original, then add plaster or drywall repair at $2 to $10 per sq ft of wall disturbed. The panel upgrade cost calculator and electrician rate calculator on this site handle the second and first pieces.
Does knob and tube wiring have to be removed by law?
No. NEC Article 394.10 permits concealed knob and tube only as an extension of an existing installation, which bans new installs but does not require existing wiring to be torn out. What forces removal is an insurer, a lender, a local point-of-sale ordinance, or damage found on inspection. The code itself does not.
Why does knob and tube wiring cost so much to replace?
Almost none of the bill is wire. It is labor fishing cable through finished walls plus making good afterwards. At $50 to $130 an hour billed, a $20,000 job is roughly 120 to 200 labor hours. Plaster and lath, which nearly every knob and tube house has, is the biggest single driver: it cracks beyond the cut and repairs at $2 to $10 per sq ft on walls, up to $12 on ceilings.
Can you put insulation over knob and tube wiring?
The blanket never you will read everywhere is not accurate in every state. Washington permits loose or rolled thermal insulation over existing knob and tube under WAC 296-46B-394, effective April 1 2024, if a licensed contractor certifies the wiring in writing, the inspector inspects any repairs, the insulation is Class I with a flame spread factor of 25 or less to ASTM E84-81a, and every circuit is protected at the 60 degree C column of NEC Table 310.16. Foam is prohibited. Other places take the harder line, so ask your AHJ.
Will home insurance cover a house with knob and tube wiring?
Many carriers now decline or non-renew. ABC7 San Francisco reported in March 2025 that Bay Area owners were facing denials and cancellations, and that without a standard policy a lender will not fund a mortgage, pushing buyers onto the California FAIR Plan. Brokers quoted there advise rewiring before a cancellation rather than after. The counterpoint in the same report: the San Francisco Fire Department said it had not seen trends in knob and tube fires.
Can I replace just part of the knob and tube wiring?
Often the better value. A partial covering the kitchen, bathrooms, laundry and bedrooms plus a new panel runs 40 to 60 percent of a full rewire and removes most of the real risk, since those circuits carry the modern loads. Insurers differ on whether they accept a partial, so get the requirement in writing first. Attic lighting in a dry space with no splices is the usual candidate to leave.
What does an electrician charge per hour to rewire a house in 2026?
$50 to $130 an hour billed on residential work, up to $200 in some markets. That is the shop rate, not the wage: BLS put the median electrician wage at $30.38 an hour, $63,190 a year, in May 2025 OEWS data on a page last modified August 27 2026. The gap is insurance, vehicles, permits, apprentice time and warranty, which is why the cheapest bid usually has something missing from it.
Written by Munir Afridi, VoltFlow editorial team. Reviewed against NEC 2023 Article 394 (concealed knob-and-tube wiring, including 394.10 uses permitted, 394.12 uses not permitted, 394.17 conductors through framing and 394.19(A) 3 inch clearance), Table 310.16 (conductor ampacity at the 60 degree C column), 406.4(D)(2) (replacement of non-grounding receptacles), 250.130(C) (retrofit equipment grounding conductor connection points), 210.8(A) (GFCI), 210.12 (AFCI) and 210.52 (receptacle spacing).
Data sources: HomeGuide, cost to replace knob and tube wiring, byline February 12 2026 ($8 to $17 per sq ft, $12,000 to $35,000 total, panel $800 to $2,500, labor $50 to $130 per hour, plaster repair $2 to $10 per sq ft walls and $2.50 to $12 per sq ft ceilings, permits $200 to $900, inspection $100 to $200); Angi, knob and tube wiring replacement cost, updated August 3 2026 ($10 to $20 per sq ft, $12,000 to $36,600 total, panel $600 to $4,000, labor $50 to $100 per hour, lath and plaster patching $80 to $200 per sq ft, permits averaging $100 to $125 each, interior repaint about $1,960, cleanup $300 to $500); Inch Calculator, knob and tube replacement cost guide, published June 28 2019 and last updated August 14 2023 ($10 to $20 per sq ft, panel $500 to $2,000 for 100 amp, labor $50 to $200 per hour); US Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook for electricians, May 2025 OEWS data, page last modified August 27 2026 (median $30.38 per hour, $63,190 per year); NFPA 70 National Electrical Code, 2026 edition published and listed as current, with state adoption still mostly on the 2023 edition and published adoption trackers (reviewed July 2026 and late September 2026) disagreeing on which states have moved; Washington Administrative Code WAC 296-46B-394, concealed knob-and-tube wiring, most recent amendment WSR 24-05-085 effective April 1 2024; ASTM E84-81a surface burning characteristics test, as referenced by that rule; ABC7 San Francisco report on knob and tube insurance denials and cancellations, published March 13 2025 and last modified March 14 2025; NFPA research one-sheet on home fires caused by electrical distribution and lighting equipment (annual average 31,960 home structure fires, 400 civilian deaths, 1,180 injuries and $1.2 billion direct property damage over the 2010 to 2014 study period, covering all home electrical systems rather than knob and tube specifically). Labor hour figures and partial-rewire shares in the tables above are derived from the published cost ranges, not surveyed, and are labeled as such where they appear. This article is for informational purposes only. Electrical work carries safety and legal risk; consult a licensed electrician familiar with your local code before performing work.